2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-07 15:51
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Latin name: Vitis vinifera Family: Grape Headings: Fruit and berry crops |
Cultural grapes (lat. Vitis vinifera) - the most common representative of the genus Grapes of the Grape family. It is mainly cultivated in subtropical and temperate regions. The variety of grapes under consideration is not found in the wild. It is believed that the ancestor of cultural grapes is the forest grape, which grows naturally on the coast of the Caspian and Mediterranean seas. Cultivated grapes have quite a few varietal groups that differ from each other in the taste and quality characteristics of the fruit and other characteristics.
Characteristics of culture
The cultivated grape is a powerful woody liana, reaching a length of 30-40 m and clinging to the supports with the help of twisting tendrils. The young trunk is covered with yellowish or reddish bark, with age the bark turns brown and deeply grooved. Leaves are whole, green, 3-5-tylopaste, set on petioles, arranged alternately.
The flowers are greenish, small, collected in dense or loose paniculate inflorescences. Fruits are juicy berries, depending on the variety, they can have a wide variety of colors (green, yellow, pink, dark red, burgundy or black-phylet, often with a waxy bloom), collected in bunches. The flowering of cultivated grapes occurs in May-June, the fruits ripen in August-September-October, which also depends on the variety.
Application
Cultural grapes have a fairly wide range of uses, they are eaten both fresh and various sweet dishes and canned foods are prepared from it, including juices, compotes, preserves and marinades. The main sphere of application of cultural grapes is winemaking. Fine wines, liqueurs, brandy and even cognac are obtained from grapes. Some varieties are suitable for vertical gardening.
Grape fruits have a rich composition, they contain a large amount of fructose, glucose, organic acids, vitamins and minerals. They are useful for children and adults, and especially for pregnant women, albeit in limited quantities. Grapes are contraindicated only in the presence of diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, hypertension and acute dysentery; it is undesirable to consume the fruit for lactating women in the first three months after childbirth.
Varietal groups and varieties
Varietal groups by destination
* Technical varieties - used mainly for the preparation of juices, wine and compotes. They are distinguished by high yield and juice content in the fruit (up to 85%).
* Table varieties - cultivated for fresh fruit consumption. As a rule, they form large clusters with large fruits. They have excellent taste characteristics.
* Seedless varieties - grown for fresh consumption and drying.
* Universal varieties - great for fresh consumption, and for making wine and other drinks, as well as preservation.
Varieties
Today, there are more than 8000 varieties of cultural grapes, among them the most popular are:
* Agadai - table variety; widely cultivated in Dagestan. It is characterized by large, cylindrical or cylindro-conical, loose or dense racemes. The fruits are fleshy, sweet, tart, and have a dense, rough skin. The variety has a high yield and fast growth. It cannot boast of resistance to powdery mildew and mildew.
* Aligote - technical grade; is a native of France. It is represented by medium-sized cylindrical or cylindrical-conical dense clusters. Fruits are round, yellowish-green, small, juicy, have a thin and firm skin. The yield is high. Winter-hardy variety. Differs in resistance to gray rot, mildew and powdery mildew.
* Delight is a table variety; a hybrid obtained by crossing three varieties - Dolores, Zarya Severa and Russian early. Russian variety. It is characterized by loose conical brushes with large oval berries of white-green color. The fruits contain about 18% sugar. The variety is high-yielding, winter-hardy and disease resistant.
* Isabella is a versatile variety; a hybrid of Vytis Vinifer and Vytis Labrusk. It is represented by cylindrical loose or dense clusters with rounded fruits with a dense almost black skin. The pulp is sweet, slimy, and has a strawberry aroma. The variety is high-yielding, resistant to powdery mildew and mildew. The fruits are used to make wine and are eaten fresh.
* Cabernet Sauvignon - technical grade; a native of France. It is characterized by medium-sized cylindro-conical dense or loose clusters with juicy fruits with a nightshade flavor. The variety is medium-yielding, resistant to grape-leafworm and gray rot. Refers to the category of frost-resistant.
* Merlot - technical grade; a native of France. It is represented by cylindro-conical loose clusters of medium size. Fruits are small, round, black, with juicy flesh, which has a nightshade flavor, and a firm, rough skin. The yield is high. The variety is not resistant to powdery mildew.
* Shasla white - table variety; homeland is Egypt. It has medium-sized conical or cylindro-conical clusters of different densities with greenish-yellow roundish fruits of small size. The pulp of the fruit is juicy, fragrant, the skin is thin. The yield of the variety is medium or high. The cultivar is not resistant to bunchy leafworm, gray rot and mildew.
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