2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
White, fluffy needles on twigs, long icicles in the form of stalactites hanging from roofs, creaky crust, drifts like iridescent diamonds - the list goes on and on. Each phenomenon is fraught with a mystery. Let's try to solve it
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote a very beautiful poem on a winter theme. Let's start our story with him:
Here is the north, catching up with clouds,
He breathed, howled - and now she
Winter is coming sorceress.
Came, crumbled; shreds
Hanged on the branches of oak trees;
Laid down in wavy carpets
Among the fields, around the hills;
Brega with a motionless river
Equalized with a plump shroud;
Frost flashed. And we are glad
The pranks of mother winter
What pranks does winter weather provide us?
Frost formation on branches
Ever wondered how fluffy, white needles form on smooth tree branches? At the same time, deciduous species become like a forest beauty spruce.
The formation of frost occurs by the transition of water vapor immediately into a solid state, bypassing the liquid phase, at an ambient temperature below minus 15 degrees, a cloudless sky and weak wind. The latter factor helps to deliver new portions of the gaseous substance, actively growing crystals. Fog or dense haze is a guarantee of the formation of a denser layer of frost.
These precipitates settle on objects that are much colder than the surrounding air: tree branches, benches, wires, roofs, grass. The rough surface helps the crystals to adhere and hold for a long time.
Patterns on the windows
Not every artist is able to paint such a perfect and whimsical picture of a "winter fairy tale". It seems that Santa Claus himself waved his magic staff and on the window there was a real "masterpiece" worthy of the brush of a great master. How does this happen?
Inside the room, warm air, cooling on the glass, forms a layer of moisture. Uneven surfaces: cracks, scratches, provide a roughness to which crystals cling to during the freezing process. Their structure dictates winter motives on our windows. Dust particles invisible to the eyes, attracting frost, complement the frosty picture. Air currents form the direction of the "twigs".
Treelike patterns form in high humidity. Initially, there is a large layer of water film on the glass at the bottom of the frame. Cooling at positive temperatures leads to the beginning of the pattern formation and continues at negative temperatures. Therefore, at the bottom, the drawing is thicker, and at the top, it is more elegant.
The irregularities of the glass create fibrous laces. First, parallel narrow stripes of "fibers" are obtained, then the main, slightly curved "stems".
Frost flowers
Such "masterpieces" consist of small ice crystals. Over time, they gather in groups. An unusual picture is created in appearance resembling leaves and flower buds.
This phenomenon often occurs on bare soil with a loose structure in autumn, when, after prolonged warming, a sharp cold snap occurs. Warm soil air rises to create whimsical patterns.
Rime flowers appear in cracks, freezing points of an open water surface, along the edge of the ice of any body of water.
Snow creak
The snowflakes forming the crust have a crystalline base in their structure. When pressed, they rub against each other, making certain sounds that are perceived by our ears. In severe frosts, the "creak" is louder.
Scientists have proven that at a temperature of minus 10 degrees between the layers of snowflakes, the thinnest layer of water is formed, comparable to one molecule. It mutes the sound slightly. When the weather is minus 1 degree, the layer of liquid increases significantly. That is why we hardly hear a “creak” at low negative temperatures.
In fluffy snow that has just fallen, the bonds between crystals are weak, while in dense snow, they are stronger. Therefore, even at temperatures close to zero, a characteristic crunch of caked crust is heard.
Snow "diamonds"
In the bright sun, the snow shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow. It seems that an invisible creator has scattered many well-polished diamonds. This wizard Nature has created hexagonal crystals of snowflakes of the correct form, which, like a mirror, reflect the sun's rays on their surface.
According to the laws of physics: "the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection." Many "sunny hares" reflecting "scatter" over the surface of the snow, turning it into sparkling beauty.
Only nature is capable of such amazing things that cause admiration. We had an amazing opportunity to observe natural wonders and enjoy the first snow.
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