2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
On trees, there are highly specialized pathogens that affect only the fruits, without affecting other parts of the plant. What diseases are common on sweet pears?
Types of fruit rot
The causative agents of diseases are fungi that cause various rot. The most common ones are:
• fruit (moniliosis);
• bitter (anthracnose);
• penicillous (green mold).
Let's consider each "culprit" in more detail to determine the correct diagnosis.
Fruit rot (moniliosis)
The spores of the fungus affect the pear fruit, penetrating through the skin, previously damaged by pests. The surface is covered with brown spots in the form of concentric circles. The pulp darkens, deteriorates, the yield decreases. The fruits mummify, continuing to hang on the tree until spring, being a source of repeated infections.
The fungus hibernates on sick fallen or hanging pears. Spores are spread by insects, rain, wind. Dry air at high or low temperatures inhibits the development of rot. During storage, the disease continues to develop.
Bitter rot (anthracnose)
The disease begins before harvesting. Progresses rapidly during storage. It manifests itself most strongly at high levels of humidity and temperature in the storage.
Rounded, small, depressed spots of a pale yellow hue appear on the fruits. Infected pulp takes on a bitter taste. When spores form, the lesion sites are covered with light pink pads that take the shape of a regular circle.
Dispersion of spores during maturation leads to secondary contamination of the finished product during storage. It passes from a sick fetus to a healthy one.
Penicillus rot (green fruit mold)
Infection occurs after pears are harvested in storage. The fungus enters the fruit through damage to the skin during transportation, harvesting, packaging in containers. The higher the storage temperature, the faster the disease progresses.
The carriers of the disease are sick fruits, vegetables, storage rooms, containers. It is easily transmitted from diseased fetuses to healthy ones by close contact or by air.
In the initial stage, a pale brown spot of watery consistency is formed. Then it is pressed into the fetus, becoming folded. The spores, germinating, form green-gray pads. The affected pulp has a musty odor, sour taste.
Control measures
For all types of rot, a general control scheme is suitable:
1. Cleaning, followed by destruction of infected fruits from trees, land.
2. Disinfection of containers, storage rooms in the summer before loading food products.
3. Compliance with the temperature regime of 0.5-1 degrees during storage, air humidity 85-90%.
4. Exclusion of mechanical damage to fruits during harvesting, transportation.
5. Fight against diseases that cause cracks when pouring pears in the garden, with preparations of Bordeaux mixture, polycarbacin, copper oxychloride or biological - phytosporin.
Polypores
Mushrooms that destroy pear wood. Through wounds on the bark, trees are infected with spores of polypores. Germinating, they form a mycelium, which spreads through the wound through the wood, destroying the inner tissue.
The branches become brittle, hollows form in the trunk. The lifespan of the tree is significantly reduced. After a few years, the fruiting bodies of a hoof-like shape, of a solid consistency, appear. The spores of the fungus ripen in them.
Control measures:
1. Sawing out, burning of diseased trees that have no value.
2. Prevention of mechanical damage, systematic treatment of wounds with garden varnish or the preparation "Rannet".
3. Removal, burning of the fruiting bodies of the fungus.
Mosses and lichens
Old weakened trees are covered with mosses, lichens, which impede air exchange. As a result, the bark rots in places, the branches dry out.
Control measures:
1. In the spring, in the fall after the harvest, processing with iron sulfate.
2. Cleaning from the main branches, dead bark stem.
3. In autumn, early spring, whitewashing of large branches, the central trunk with a solution of slaked lime with the addition of copper sulfate.
Observing preventive measures, at the initial stage correctly diagnosing the disease, it is possible to apply radical control measures during the time, keeping the harvest as much as possible from losses.
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