2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
Bacterial burn is an extremely dangerous infectious disease that affects various types of vegetation. Pears, hawthorns, cotoneaster and plants from the Pink family often suffer from it. If signs of fire blight are found, appropriate action should be taken immediately
About the disease
The causative agents of such a scourge as a fire blight are bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family (or Enterobacteriaceae). They belong to the genus Erwinia and the species Erwinia amylovora. Tiny doses of them penetrate the flowers that have begun to bloom. The carriers can be both pollen from infected trees, and a milky-white sap-exudate exuded in rather humid and damp weather by the sores of diseased trees.
The rapid development of harmful bacteria is noted when the air temperature reaches above 18 degrees, and humidity - 70%. The multiplying bacteria through damaged pedicels penetrate from the flowers into the tissue of the branches, which begin to rot and become affected by necrosis with wet sores opening out into the atmosphere. Such sores are a direct source of further spread of infection.
The flowers of the affected plants can suddenly turn black and wilt without falling off. The buds that have not yet blossomed also darken and dry out. The disease noticeably distorts the appearance of young shoots - from the very tips they quickly turn black and bend in a completely unnatural way. The leaves are also "transformed" - blackened and twisted, they remain in this form throughout the growing season. The fire blight spreads down the trees at an incredible rate. The bark of skeletal branches and trunks, having softened, releases droplets of exudate from itself. The peel of the bark gradually begins to peel off, bursting bubbles form on it, and a characteristic marbling can be seen on the cuts of the bark.
On young, withering infected hawthorn shoots, shriveled leaves often fall off. As for the unpleasant sores of a yellowish-brown color, they begin to form only the next year.
On diseased apple trees, the leaves are painted in most cases not black, like pears, but red-brownish. The spread of the disease on apple branches is slower than on pear branches.
Evidence of a bacterial burn is very similar to bacterial cancer, laboratory tests can help establish an accurate diagnosis.
Damage to the leaves and bark can also provoke infection of the branches. To avoid such situations, you should be very careful with garden tools, heal the frost holes formed at the end of winter.
How to fight
You should not purchase planting material in areas in which foci of fire blight have been identified. Currently, there are varieties of fruit crops with increased resistance to this ailment. Wild fruit plants in the vicinity of orchards should be uprooted as they are hotbeds of infection.
During flowering, the gardens must be treated five times with various antibiotics (Streptomycin or Oxytetracycline are suitable) or Bordeaux liquid (copper sulfate dissolved in milk of lime). Instead of Bordeaux liquid, you can use other fungicides containing copper.
It is important to know that constant spraying with the same drugs can lead to different mutations of harmful bacteria and develop their resistance to a large number of chemicals.
If the infection did occur and it was possible to detect it in a timely manner, then at a distance of at least twenty centimeters from the affected areas, it is necessary to cut off all the branches and burn them. If it is no longer possible to preserve the trees by pruning, then they are uprooted and burned in the immediate vicinity of the pit.
All tools used to process infected trees must be disinfected. The container intended for their transportation is also disinfected.
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