2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
It seems to many that insurance of houses and other items is a modern innovation of the 20th century. In the old days, they didn't do that kind of thing. It turns out that the historical roots of the "amulet" of movable and immovable property go far into the past. What is the history of the creation of insurance in Russia?
Insurance origins
The first insurance document discovered by scientists on the island of Rhodes was written in 916. BC. It stipulates the distribution of damage in the event of an accident. The conditions specified in the paper are still applied by contemporaries.
Under the slave system, there were agreements-agreements that touched upon issues of trade, loan transactions, real estate. Certain risks were distributed among the people concerned in the course of trade in sea transportation.
Small cities turned into large centers, fires broke out, as a result, whole neighborhoods were destroyed. People began to unite in groups. In 1310, the first "Insurance Chamber" appeared in Germany. She defended the interests of artisans and merchants in matters of property. In 1666, after a major fire, the "Fire Policy" was organized, which was engaged in the insurance of structures.
Russian history
Insurance in Russia can be conditionally divided into 3 stages:
1. Provision of services by foreign organizations.
2. Opening of private domestic companies with privileges.
3. Market expansion without monopolies.
Each period underwent evolutionary transformations from simple to complex.
First attempts
Until the end of the 18th century, foreign organizations firmly held their positions in Russia. Profitable investments went abroad, gold reserves decreased. In 1781, Catherine II published the historical document "The Charter of Merchant Shipping", where marine insurance was highlighted as a separate line.
A little later, in 1786, the state insurance monopoly was approved. The State Loan Bank is opened in St. Petersburg, which is authorized to take real estate insured here as collateral. It closes in 1822.
From 1797 to 1805 there was a specialized office at the State Assignment Bank, which was engaged in the insurance of goods.
Small volumes, slow development of the first "swallows" made the ruling emperor think about attracting private capital. At the initiative of Count N. S. Mordvinov, who served as chairman of the Department of Economics, a serious reform of insurance policy began.
Transformations
At the end of the twenties of the 19th century, a real insurance market in Russia was formed.
4 large groups are created:
• companies of shareholders (60% of the total number);
• Zemstvo institutions (16%);
• state pension and savings banks (15%);
• public organizations of mutual insurance (9%).
The first Russian insurance company was organized in 1827 under Emperor Nicholas 1. For support in the first 20 years, he was granted a monopoly on activities in the large cities of Odessa, Moscow, St. Petersburg and adjacent territories. The company was subject to a professional duty and was exempt from other taxes.
In 1835, the Second Russian Society was created with twelve-year privileges, a monopoly in 40 provinces.
Industry development
By the end of the 19th century, the leadership positions were occupied by 5 leading companies:
1. First Russian.
2. Moscow.
3. Warsaw.
4. North.
5. "Russia".
By this time, the privileges of monopoly were abolished. All societies were on an equal footing. The profitability of each depended on the entrepreneurial abilities of the workers. At first, the experience was adopted from German colleagues. Then their own methods appeared.
For the first time in 1874, all collectives gather at a general congress, where issues of uniform tariffs are discussed. Attempts are being made to transfer work to a more organized level, to deal with accounting and statistics. A year later, the first syndicate was created with a tariff agreement for all insurers.
At the end of the 19th century, there were about 20 companies in Russia, most of them expanding their areas. Life insurance and other activities are being added.
In the next article we will talk about insurance boards, a unique invention of the 17th century.
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