2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
The fly is also called barley or oat fly. Most often it can be found in the western forest-steppe, as well as in woodland. The Swedish fly affects a considerable number of plants: corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, grasses, including wild grains, as well as a number of weeds. As a result, the density of crops is significantly reduced, which also affects the volume of the harvested crop
Meet the pest
What distinguishes the Swedish fly from other types of flies is that the tibia of its middle, as well as the front legs are painted yellow, and on the hind legs there is a slightly darkened narrow band. Its oval white eggs, reaching a length of 0.6 - 0.8 mm, have branched grooves along the length. The anterior end of the white cylindrical larvae is pointed, and the posterior end is slightly widened and has a pair of rather fleshy processes. The size of the larvae is about 5 mm, and the size of the light brown puparia is 1, 8 - 3 mm.
Both larvae and puparia spend the winter inside weeds, as well as in the shoots of winter perennial cereals. After overwintering, some of the larvae do not stop feeding, after which they form puparia and pupate there. The start of the emergence of flies falls on the end of April - the beginning of May, coinciding with the end of the tillering phase of winter crops in the spring and the appearance of young shoots of spring crops. Due to the extended summer phase, it is quite difficult to distinguish between generations of harmful flies.
For the formation of their eggs and their subsequent laying, Swedish flies need food on flowers, therefore, the largest part of them migrates to numerous crops of corn and spring crops and lays eggs there, developing for 5-10 days, behind the leaves of plants or on the ground near their bases. The larvae that penetrated into the shoots gradually eat out the growth cones together with the bases of all central leaves, as a result of which the leaves, turning yellow, dry up. As for maize, the larvae often fail to completely destroy the growth cone in this culture, therefore they are limited to damage only to its top. Such plants, which are easy to identify by the shabby tops of the leaves, have the ability to self-cleanse from larvae, which are pushed out with young leaves. The development of larvae lasts from 22 to 46 days; having completed their development, they form puparia, in which they subsequently pupate. If the weather is dry and hot, then most of the larvae enter diapause in the formed puparia.
The flies of the next, second generation fly out as soon as the spike crops bloom. The larvae of this generation develop mainly on crops such as oats and barley, damaging caryopses, as well as ovaries and flowers. The development of the third generation, as well as the fourth, takes place on the stairs of winter crops, on the fallen ears and even on the aftermath of numerous cereal grasses. The development of the second and third generations can be called partial, or optional, since in dry years in many steppe and forest-steppe regions they do not appear at all.
How to fight
For planting, it is recommended to select resistant varieties, the fiber of which is strong enough in order to prevent the destructive effect of the larvae on the ear. It is equally important to comply with the sowing dates - it is desirable that winter crops begin to rise with the onset of frost, when the flies begin to hibernate. The seeding rate of grain is sometimes increased so that most of the sprouted ears survive, thereby maintaining the yield at the same level. The seeds of cereals are sometimes treated with insecticides before planting.
To increase the vitality of plants, they should be fed with nitrogen fertilizers from time to time.
The deepest autumn plowing at the end of the harvest, as well as stubble plowing, helps to partially solve the problem of fighting the Swedish fly - such measures help to get rid of not only sleeping flies, but also of their eggs.
As for chemical treatments for Swedish flies, it is best to carry out them during the mass summer of pests, as well as during the period of egg-laying in the germination-tillering phases.
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