2024 Author: Gavin MacAdam | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 13:38
In recent decades, gardeners have noted an increase in diseases associated with viral carriers. Crops are affected due to abnormal weather events, a low level of seed production, and the importation of low-quality sowing foreign material. How to recognize a disease in time?
Variety of viruses
The number of viruses is increasing every year. Individual stems mutate, adapting to changing environmental conditions. At the moment, more than 100 species have been identified.
There are highly specialized forms that affect one culture. On tomatoes, 36 species were identified, cucumbers - 7, lettuce - 6, zucchini - 3, carrots - 11, pepper - 10.
They parasitize several classes of plants:
1. Potato viruses X, K, U, M.
2. Mosaics of alfalfa, rezuhi.
3. Necrosis of tobacco, cancer (BHT).
4. Cucumber (VOM), tobacco (TMV) mosaics.
Let's analyze the signs of the main types.
Cucumber mosaic
PTO is capable of infecting zucchini, pumpkin, tomato, cucumber, pepper, physalis, celery, spinach and about 300 other crops.
The signs of the disease are:
• growth retardation;
• close arrangement of internodes;
• small, wrinkled leaves with light spots, gradually turning yellow, drying out in the final stage.
The virus manifests itself on adult plants 1-1.5 months after infection. The introduction of a mosaic on well-developed bushes, changes the color of the upper leaf plates, the lower ones dry out. The fruits are of an ugly shape, slow down growth, become covered with a yellow spot, the skin acquires a glassy structure. With severe damage, the entire plant gradually dries out.
Complex infection
Sometimes crops are parasitized by two or more viruses at the same time. The nature of the course, the signs of the disease vary greatly depending on the set of infection.
On tomatoes, the threadiness of the leaves indicates a complex infection with a mixture of PTO, TMV. It proceeds most intensively in film greenhouses, greenhouses with insufficient lighting, high humidity, and low temperatures.
Stressful situations provoke viruses. In the initial stage, a light spotted color appears, then leaf deformation, spreading from top to bottom. The compressed plates are represented by the main elongated veins.
Infected bushes bloom weakly, only the lower brushes are tied, the integumentary color changes.
TMV, PTO viruses are transmitted through:
• seeds;
• juice released when the integument is injured (pinching, grafting, pinching, garter);
• pricks of pests sucking insects (leafhoppers, thrips, aphids, whitefly).
PTO is able to pass through an underground system of weeds (field sow thistle, spurge).
Scientific achievements, recommendations
Scientists are conducting selection development to create relatively resistant varieties, hybrids of the main food crops. There are no plants completely independent of viruses yet, as well as means of protection.
The danger of the disease lies in the imperceptible course of the initial stage. Its signs appear only under certain conditions.
The following measures will help prevent infection:
1. Use of seeds from healthy plants (they are released from carriers for 2-3 years).
2. Presowing treatment for 30 minutes in a solution of potassium permanganate (1 g per 100 ml of liquid). Subsequent rinsing in running water.
3. Spraying seedlings, adult specimens before the start of fruit formation with skim milk or skim milk diluted with water 5 times.
4. Mowing weeds near cultivated crops.
five. Destruction of sucking pests with drugs Aktellik, Aktara, Confidor. Last treatment 20 days before harvest.
6. At the first signs of disease, removal of plants from the site, followed by burning. Fill the remaining hole with bleach.
7. Carrying out field work, first on healthy bushes, then on sick ones with a weak lesion. Disinfection of hands and instruments with soapy water.
8. After harvesting the last harvest, remove plant residues completely, burn the tops. Replace the top layer of soil (10 cm) in the greenhouse with a fresh one.
Timely detection of viruses will help prevent mass spread.
It is easier to prevent harmful factors from entering your site than to deal with them in the future. Be extremely careful when choosing a planting, seed. Inspect your favorite plant beds every day.
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